A future hope for the treatment of diabetic retinopathy, manipulating hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha pathway

Proliferative diabetic retinopathy epiretinal membranes. (A) Immunohistochemical staining for hypoxia-inducible factor-1α showing immunoreactivity on vascular endothelial cells (original magnification ×100). (B) Immunohistochemical staining for angiopoietin-2 showing immunoreactivity on vascular endothelial cells (original magnification ×100). (C) Immunohistochemical staining for vascular endothelial growth factor showing immunoreactivity on vascular endothelial cells (original magnification ×100).